Genotype-specific ecological and environmental drivers of HPAI H5N1 spread in wild birds in France, 2021-2023

The research examines H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotypes that caused a panzootic in Europe, using France as a case study due to its high epizootic impact and extensive sequencing coverage. By integrating genomic and ecological data, the study identifies genotype-specific differences in transmission dynamics among wild bird populations. It highlights the role of specific environmental conditions and host ecology in facilitating regional viral dissemination. These insights are crucial for predicting future outbreak patterns and designing targeted interventions in both wild and domestic birds.